是这样，就像斯卡利一样
What happens is, like with John Sculley, err…

他以前在百事可乐工作，他们的产品可以数十年不变
John came from Pepsi co, and they almost would change their product once every 10 years,

顶多更换可乐瓶子的尺寸
to them, new product is like a new size of bottle,

所以产品部门的人说话没什么份量
so if you are a product person, you couldn’t change the course of that company very much,

在百事公司谁最有发言权？
so who influences the success of Pepsi co?

是营销部门的人，他们很容易升职从而掌管公司
The sales and marketing people, therefore they would once get promoted and therefore they would once run the company,

对百事来说，这不是件坏事
well, for Pepsi co, that might have been okay.

问题是垄断科技公司也有这种情况，比如IBM和施乐
But it turns out the same thing can happen in technology companies, that they get monopolies, like, oh, IBM and Xerox.

即便IBM和施乐的产品经理能做出更棒的产品，那又怎么样？
If you are a product person at IBM or Xerox, so you make a better copier or a better computer, so what?

这些已经垄断市场的公司很难靠新产品提高业绩
When you have a monopolies market share, the company is not any more successful,

要想提高业绩还得依靠营销部门
so the people who can make the company more successful are sales and marketing people.

于是他们逐渐控制公司，而产品部门的人被边缘化
And they end up running the companies, and the product people get driven out of this decision making forums.

公司就丧失了打造优秀的产品热情和能力
And the companies forget what it means to make great products. It... sort of the product sensibility,

产品部门的功臣慢慢被不懂产品的人排挤
and... the product genius brought them to that monopolistic position gets rotted out by people running this companies who have no conception of a good product versus a bad product,

后者通常缺少研发产品的技术和能力
they have no conception of craftsmanship that’s required, … that take a good idea and turn it into a good product,

而且也并非打心底愿意替客户解决问题
and they really have no feeling in their hearts usually about wanting to really help the customers.

施乐公司就是这样
So that’s what happens in Xerox,

施乐研究院的人私底下把管理层叫做墨粉脑袋
the people in Xerox PARC used to call the people who runs the Xerox tonerheads,

而这些管理人员完全不明白为什么被嘲笑
and these tonerheads would come out to the Xerox and PARC says they have no clue of what they are saying.

Bob: 观众可能不清楚墨粉是什么？
Bob: For our audience, toner is what?

Steve: 就是复印机里用的墨粉
Steve: Toner is what you put in a copier, you know the toner you add to an industrial copier?

Bob: 那个黑色的东西？
Bob: The black stuff?

Steve: 是的
Steve: The black stuff, yeah.

这些墨粉脑袋压根不知道计算机能做什么
Basically they were copier heads, just have no clue about what a computer can do,

他们不过是碰巧赶上了计算机产业的顺风车
and so they just grabbed defeat from greatest victory in the computer industry,

施乐本来有机会把规模扩大10倍，独占整个行业
Xerox could have owned the entire computer industry today, could have been company 10 times its size,

就像90年代的IBM或微软
could have been IBM, Could have been IBM in the 1990’s, …. could have been the Microsoft in the 1990’s. So ...

不过都已经过去了，不重要了
but anyway that’s all ancient history, doesn’t really matter anymore.